The History of the Development of Biological Thought

Автор: Chimotakushi Chimotakushi 21.02.2023

Considering the popularity of evolutionary thought in Germany in the first half of the 19th century, it is strange that no German biologist has made an effort to put forward a substantial theory of evolution in this context. In particular, no other European country at that time had as many talented zoologists and comparative anatomists as Germany, including authenrieth, von Bell, Blumenbach, burdach, dollinger, ehrenberg, emmert, heusinger, kielmeyer, leuckart,j.muller,pander,rathke,reichert,rudolphi,siebold,tiedemann,wiedemann。 There are many reasons for this situation, the most important of which is that German philosophy at that time was deeply dominated by essentialism, which affected everyone's thinking. The idea of model was strengthened by the worship of Cuvier's authority,plastic pallet suppliers, which was fully reflected in the works of some outstanding comparative anatomists at that time. Another reason is that the evolutionism of the school of natural philosophy is so theoretical or speculative, and at the same time so dry and unhelpful, that it has produced a violent reaction that has led some of the best zoologists to focus on purely descriptive studies, which is what leuckart, ehrenbers, Muller,collapsible pallet bin, Nowhere is this clearer than in tiedemann's writings. The reaction was so strong that when Weissmann was a college student in the 1950s, his university never mentioned evolution. The evolutionary fever of the 1820s was then completely forgotten. The rejection of guesswork is reinforced by two other reasons. The more and more thoroughly a naturalist studies nature, the more he feels the universality of perfect adaptation. Because the mechanistic influence at that time did not allow teleological or supernatural explanations, they adopted an agnostic attitude according to the example of Kant's Critique of Judgment. In addition, in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, experimental biology, including physiology, cytology and embryology, developed unprecedentedly, and many famous German scientists devoted themselves to the study of functional processes. In their research, plastic pallet manufacturer ,secondary containment pallet, they were able to successfully apply the explanatory model commonly used in physical science, which is extremely inappropriate when applied to biological evolution. The resurgence of evolutionism cannot come from a laboratory; it must be initiated, as in Britain, by scientists studying natural populations and species. Unfortunately, some of Germany's best young naturalists, Kuhl and boie, died studying the tropical diseases of the east Indies, and illiger died of tuberculosis in his youth. Despite Weissmann's unfavorable remarks, evolutionism did not completely die out in Germany in the 1850s. Broon has written several articles on evolutionism, although he eventually abandoned such research (Schumacher, 1975). As Hermann schaffhausen (1816-1893), the co-discoverer of the Neanderthal skull (the fossil of early homo sapiens), clearly stated, "the invariance of species that most scientists believe to be the law of nature has not been proved, because species have no definite and immutable characteristics, and the boundaries between species and subspecies are uncertain.". All living things in the world seem to be a continuous series of living things affected by reproduction and development. (Temkin, 1959) he particularly objected to the following argument: living animals cannot come from earlier animals, because we do not now find changes in species. Because the change "takes millions of years," schaaffhausen points out, it is simply not realistic to observe the change directly. Wenger (Unger) Among Darwin's many pioneers, the most noteworthy was the Viennese botanist franzunger (1800-1870). In his History of the Plant Kingdom (attempt of a history of theplant world, 1852), he devoted a chapter to evolution, which was entitled "The Origin of Plants; Their Reproduction and the Origin of Various Patterns." He pointed out that simple freshwater and marine plants existed before complex plants: It is in this marine plant containing bacteria and algae, especially algae, that we should look for the origin of all plant succession. There is no doubt that this empirical reconstruction approach can theoretically be reversed and continued until a primitive plant (uroflanze) is finally traced, which is actually the primitive cell that produces the whole plant kingdom. How the plant (or cell) ultimately originated is even more of a mystery to us. It is certain, however, that it must be designated as the original of all life, and thus as the original specimen of all higher development. He went on to say that at first glance one would think that species are fixed, because parents always produce only their own type of offspring. However, this requires that all new species, like the "primitive plants", be produced through some kind of spontaneous process. Because all the evidence contradicts this possibility, "there is no choice but to look for the source of all the diversity in the plant world itself,ibc spill containment pallet, not only in species, but also in nephrite and higher orders." He adds very thoroughly that there are too many rules in the relationship of species to consider the origin of new species as entirely due to external influences. " This clearly shows that the cause of plant diversity cannot be external, but only internal. binpallet.com

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