Bsdm sex

Автор: Victoria Merrill 19.12.2018

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The red marks on her body are from consensual whipping done at the Fair. From the questionnaire, researchers were able to identify four separate sexual themes: , giving and receiving pain, physical restriction i. For instance, they are expected to recognize that parts of the body can be damaged, such as nerves and blood vessels by , or that skin that can be scarred.


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International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. Come over and immerse yourself in hot videos full of dominance and submission and have an unforgettable experience.


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Popular BDSM Pics - The researchers found the majority of females identified as heterosexual and submissive, a substantial minority were versatile—able to switch between dominant and submissive roles—and a smaller minority identified with the dominant role exclusively.


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This article is about consensual adult activity. For the medical condition involving non-consensual ideation or behaviour, see. BDSM is a variety of often practices or involving , , , , and other related interpersonal dynamics. Given the wide range of practices, some of which may be engaged in by people who do not consider themselves as practicing BDSM, inclusion in the BDSM community or subculture is usually dependent upon and shared experience. BDSM The BDSM initialism. BDSM is now used as a catch-all phrase covering a wide range of activities, forms of , and distinct subcultures. BDSM communities generally welcome anyone with a non-normative streak who identifies with the community; this may include , enthusiasts, , , and others. Activities and relationships within a BDSM context are often characterized by the participants taking on complementary, but unequal roles; thus, the idea of of both the partners is essential. The two sets of terms are subtly different: for example, someone may choose to act as bottom to another person, for example, by being whipped, purely recreationally, without any implication of being psychologically dominated by them, or a submissive may be ordered to massage their dominant partner. Despite the bottom performing the action and the top receiving they have not necessarily switched roles. The precise definition of roles and self-identification is a common subject of debate within the community. A man handcuffed to a bed and blindfolded. There are distinct under this umbrella term. Terminology for roles varies widely among the subcultures. Participants usually derive pleasure from this, even though many of the practices—such as inflicting pain or or being restrained — would be unpleasant under other circumstances. Explicit , such as , may occur within a session, but is not essential. Such explicit sexual interaction is, for legal reasons, seen only rarely in public play spaces, and it is sometimes specifically banned by the rules of a party or playspace. A caged woman at , USA. The red marks on her body are from consensual whipping done at the Fair. The fundamental principles for the exercise of BDSM require that it should be performed with the informed consent of all involved parties. It is mutual consent that makes a clear legal and ethical distinction between BDSM and such crimes as sexual assault or. RACK may be seen as focusing primarily upon awareness and informed consent, rather than accepted safe practices. Consent is the most important criterion here. The consent and compliance for a sadomasochistic situation can be granted only by people who can judge the potential results. For their consent, they must have relevant information extent to which the scene will go, potential risks, if a safeword will be used, what that is, and so on at hand and the necessary mental capacity to judge. In general, BDSM play is usually structured such that it is possible for the consenting partner to withdraw his or her consent at any point during a scene; for example, by using a that was agreed on in advance. Failure to honor a safeword is considered serious misconduct and could even change the sexual consent situation into a crime, depending on the relevant law, since the bottom or top has explicitly revoked his or her consent to any actions that follow the use of the safeword see. Terminology and subtypes A male demonstrates to the audience on how to do , at 2015 event in Germany. The bondage technique used here is , a basic form of arm and. Individual tastes and preferences in the area of may overlap among these areas, which are discussed separately here. Bondage and discipline are two aspects of BDSM that do not seem to relate to each other because of the type of activities involved, but they have conceptual similarities, and that is why they appear jointly. The term bondage describes the practice of physical restraint. Bondage is usually, but not always, a sexual practice. While bondage is a very popular variation within the larger field of BDSM, it is nevertheless sometimes differentiated from the rest of this field. A 2015 study of over 1,000 Canadians showed that about half of all men held fantasies of bondage, and almost half of all women did as well. Strictly speaking, bondage means binding the partner by tying their appendages together; for example, by the use of handcuffs or ropes, or by lashing their arms to an object. Bondage can also be achieved by spreading the appendages and fastening them with chains or ropes to a or. The term discipline describes psychological restraining, with the use of rules and punishment to control overt behavior. Punishment can be pain caused physically such as caning , humiliation caused psychologically such as a public flagellation or loss of freedom caused physically for example, chaining the submissive partner to the foot of a bed. Another aspect is the structured training of the bottom. It explores the more mental aspect of BDSM. This is also the case in many relationships not considering themselves as sadomasochistic; it is considered to be a part of BDSM if it is practiced purposefully. The range of its individual characteristics is thereby wide. This practice has a distinct effect of immobilization and pain. The purpose of this kind of agreement is primarily to encourage discussion and negotiation in advance, and then to document that understanding for the benefit of all parties. Such documents have not been recognized as being legally binding, nor are they intended to be. These agreements are binding in the sense that the parties have the expectation that the negotiated rules will be followed. Often other friends and community members may witness the signing of such a document in a ceremony, and so parties violating their agreement can result in loss of face, respect or status with their friends in the community. In general, as compared to conventional relationships, BDSM participants go to great lengths to negotiate the important aspects of their relationships in advance, and to take great care in learning about and following safe practices. Etymology The term is derived from the words sadism and masochism. These terms differ somewhat from the same terms used in psychology, since those require that the sadism or masochism cause significant distress or involve non-consenting partners. Sadomasochism refers to the aspects of BDSM surrounding the exchange of physical or emotional pain. Sadism describes sexual pleasure derived by inflicting , degradation, humiliation on another person or causing another person to suffer. On the other hand, the masochist enjoys being hurt, humiliated, or suffering within the consensual scenario. Sadomasochistic scenes sometimes reach a level that appear more extreme or cruel than other forms of BDSM—for example, when a masochist is brought to tears or is severely bruised—and is occasionally unwelcome at BDSM events or parties. The terms sadism and masochism are derived from the names of the and , based on the content of the authors' works. Although the names of de Sade and Sacher-Masoch are attached to the terms sadism and masochism respectively, the scenes described in de Sade's works do not meet modern BDSM standards of informed consent. BDSM is solely based on consensual activities, and based on its system and laws. The concepts presented by de Sade are not in accordance with the BDSM culture, even though they are sadistic in nature. In the later 20th century, BDSM activists have protested against these conceptual models, as they were derived from the philosophies of two singular historical figures. Both Freud and Krafft-Ebing were psychiatrists; their observations on sadism and masochism were dependent on psychiatric patients, and their models were built on the assumption of. This 1921 art of a is an illustration of and. Most often, though, BDSM practitioners are primarily concerned with power, humiliation, and pleasure. Of the three categories of BDSM, only sadomasochism specifically requires pain, but this is typically a means to an end, as a vehicle for feelings of humiliation, dominance, etc. Many BDSM activities might not involve any kind of pain or humiliation, but just the exchange of power and control. This experience of is important, but is not the only motivation for many BDSM practitioners. The philosopher defines this sensation of pleasure derived from pain by the word sublime. Research has shown that couples engaging in consensual BDSM tend to show hormonal changes that indicate decreases in stress and increases in emotional bonding. There is a wide array of BDSM practitioners who take part in sessions for which they do not receive any personal gratification. They enter such situations solely with the intention to allow their partners to fulfill their own needs or. In some BDSM sessions, the top exposes the bottom to a wide range of sensual experiences, for example: pinching, biting, scratching with fingernails, or the use of objects such as , , liquid , , , and devices. Fixation by , or may be used as well. To some extent, everyday items like , or are used as pervertables. It is commonly considered that a pleasurable BDSM experience during a session is very strongly dependent upon the top's competence and experience and the bottom's physical and mental state at the time of the session. Trust and help the partners enter a shared mindset. Types of play Some types of BDSM play include, but are not limited to: See also: Aside from the general advice related to , BDSM sessions often require a wider array of safety precautions than sexual behaviour without BDSM elements. In theory, to ensure consent related to BDSM activity, pre-play are commonplace, especially among partners who do not know each other very well. In practice, pick-up scenes at clubs or parties may sometimes be low in negotiation much as pick-up sex from singles bars may not involve much negotiation or disclosure. These negotiations concern the interests and fantasies of each partner and establish a framework of both acceptable and unacceptable activities. Additionally, are often arranged to provide for an immediate stop of any activity if any participant should so desire. Safewords are words or phrases that are called out when things are either not going as planned or have crossed a threshold one cannot handle. They are something both parties can remember and recognize and are, by definition, not words commonly used playfully during any kind of scene. Words such as no, stop, and don't, are often inappropriate as a safeword if the roleplaying aspect includes the illusion of non-consent. The most commonly used safewords are red and yellow, with red meaning that play must stop immediately, and yellow meaning that the activity needs to slow down. At most clubs and group-organized BDSM parties and events, DMs provide an additional safety net for the people playing there, ensuring that house rules are followed and safewords respected. BDSM participants are expected to understand practical safety aspects. For instance, they are expected to recognize that parts of the body can be damaged, such as nerves and blood vessels by , or that skin that can be scarred. Using crops, whips, or , the top's fine motor skills and anatomical knowledge can make the difference between a satisfying session for the bottom and a highly unpleasant experience that may even entail severe physical harm. The very broad range of and physical and psychological control techniques often requires a far-reaching knowledge of details related to the requirements of the individual session, such as , , and. Despite these risks, BDSM activities usually result in far less severe injuries than sports like boxing and football, and BDSM practitioners do not visit emergency rooms any more often than the general population. Such losses of emotional balance due to sensory or emotional overload are a fairly commonly discussed issue. It is important to follow participants' reactions and continue or stop accordingly. Safewords are one way for BDSM practices to protect both parties. Left: A typical with ring for possible attachment of a. Such or comparable models are sometimes used by bottoms as a symbol of ownership to their tops. Right: The as a finger ring. At one end of the spectrum are those who are indifferent to, or even reject physical stimulation. At the other end of the spectrum are bottoms who enjoy discipline and but are not willing to be subordinate to the person who applies it. The bottom is frequently the partner who specifies the basic conditions of the session and gives instructions, directly or indirectly, in the negotiation, while the top often respects this guidance. The relationships can be of varied types. In recent times though writers of BDSM and sites for BDSM have been more focused on long-term relationships. Respondents in the study expressed their BDSM orientation to be built into who they are, but considered exploring their BDSM interests an ongoing task, and showed flexibility and adaptability in order to match their interests with their partners. The most reported issue amongst respondents was not finding enough time to be in role with most adopting a lifestyle wherein both partners maintain their dominant or submissive role throughout the day. Amongst the respondents, it was typically the bottoms who wanted to play harder, and be more restricted into their roles when there was a difference in desire to play in the relationship. The author of the study, Bert Cutler, speculated that tops may be less often in the mood to play due to the increased demand for responsibility on their part: being aware of the safety of the situation and prepared to remove the bottom from a dangerous scenario, being conscious of the desires and limits of the bottom, and so on. Couples were generally of the same mind of whether or not they were in an ongoing relationship, but in such cases the bottom was not locked up constantly, but that their role in the context of the relationship was always present, even when the top was doing non-dominant activities such as household chores, or the bottom being in a more dominant position. In its conclusion the study states: The respondents valued themselves, their partners, and their relationships. All couples expressed considerable goodwill toward their partners. The power exchange between the cohorts appears to be serving purposes beyond any sexual satisfaction, including experiencing a sense of being taken care of and bonding with a partner. In his closing remarks, the author of the study theorizes that due to the serious potential for harm, couples in BDSM relationships develop increased communication that may be higher than in mainstream relationships. A professional submissive consents to her client's dominant behavior within negotiated limits, and often works within a professional. Most of the people who work as subs normally have tendencies towards such activities, especially when sadomasochism is involved. However it is much more rare to find a male in this profession. Scenes In BDSM, a scene is the stage or setting where BDSM activity takes place, as well as the activity itself. A BDSM activity can, but need not, involve or. A characteristic of many is the from the bottom to the dominant partner, and bondage features prominently in BDSM scenes and sexual roleplay. Thus someone who is on 'the Scene', and prepared to play in public, might take part in 'a scene' at a public. A scene can take place in private between two or more people, and can involve a domestic arrangement, such as or a casual or committed lifestyle. BDSM elements may involve settings of or punishment for breaches of instructions. A scene can also take place in a club, where the can be viewed by others. When a scene takes place in a public setting, it may be because the participants enjoy being watched by others, or because of the available, or because having third parties present adds safety for play partners who have only recently met. Etiquette Standard social etiquette rules still apply when at a BDSM event, such as not intimately touching someone you do not know, not touching someone else's belongings including toys , and abiding by dress codes. Many events open to the public also have rules addressing alcohol consumption, recreational drugs, cell phones, and photography. A specific scene takes place within the general conventions and of BDSM, such as requirements for mutual and agreement as to the of any BDSM activity. This agreement can be incorporated into a. In addition, most clubs have additional rules which regulate how onlookers may interact with the actual participants in a scene. The requirement for such dress codes differ. While some events have none, others have a policy in order to create a more coherent atmosphere and to prevent onlookers from taking part. Andrew's crosses or similar restraining constructs , spanking benches, and punishing supports or cages are often made available. The problem of noise disturbance is also lessened at these events, while in the home setting many BDSM activities can be limited by this factor. In addition, such parties offer both and a forum to indulge their inclinations without social criticism. Sexual intercourse is not permitted within most public BDSM play spaces or not often seen in others, because it is not the emphasis of this kind of play. In order to ensure the maximum safety and comfort for the participants certain standards of behavior have evolved; these include aspects of , , respect and safewords. Today BDSM parties are taking place in most of the larger cities in the Western world. This scene appears particularly on the Internet, in publications, and in meetings such as at like , SM parties, gatherings called , and erotic fairs like. The annual is the world's largest BDSM event and is held in San Francisco. It has its roots in the gay leather movement. The weekend long festivities include a wide range of sadomasochistic erotica in a public clothing optional space between 8th and 13th streets with nightly parties associated with the organization. There are also conventions such as and. It has often been assumed that a preference for BDSM is a consequence of childhood abuse. Research indicates that there is no evidence for this claim. Some reports suggest that people abused as children may have more BDSM injuries and have difficulty with safe words being recognized as meaning stop the previously consensual behavior, thus, it is possible that people choosing BDSM as part of their lifestyle, who also were previously abused, may have had more police or hospital reports of injuries. For some, taking on a role of compliance or helplessness offers a form of therapeutic escape; from the stresses of life, from responsibility, or from guilt. For others, being under the power of a strong, controlling presence may evoke the feelings of safety and protection associated with childhood. They likewise may derive satisfaction from earning the approval of that figure see:. A sadist, on the other hand, may enjoy the feeling of power and authority that comes from playing the dominant role, or receive pleasure vicariously through the suffering of the masochist. It is poorly understood, though, what ultimately connects these emotional experiences to sexual gratification, or how that connection initially forms. If it's not, I'm not seeing that as a problem. But assuming that it did, what I would wonder about is what is his or her biology that would cause a tendency toward a problem, and dynamically, what were the experiences this individual had that led him or her toward one of the ends of the spectrum. It is agreed on by some psychologists that experiences during early can have a profound effect on the character of sexuality later in life. Sadomasochistic desires, however, seem to form at a variety of ages. Some individuals report having had them before puberty, while others do not discover them until well into adulthood. According to one study, the majority of male sadomasochists 53% developed their interest before the age of 15, while the majority of females 78% developed their interest afterwards Breslow, Evans, and Langley 1985. The prevalence of sadomasochism within the general population is unknown. Despite female sadists being less visible than males, some surveys have resulted in comparable amounts of sadistic fantasies between females and males. The results of such studies demonstrate that one's sex does not determine preference for sadism. Following a phenomenological study of nine individuals involved in sexual masochistic sessions who regarded pain as central to their experience, sexual masochism was described as an addiction-like tendency, with several features resembling that of drug addiction: craving, intoxication, tolerance and withdrawal. It was also demonstrated how the first masochistic experience is placed on a pedestal, with subsequent use aiming at retrieving this lost sensation, much as described in the descriptive literature on addiction. The addictive pattern presented in this study suggests an association with as found in problem gamblers. Prevalence Two professional dominatrices interviewed by David Shankbone about the psychological aspects of some of their stranger requests. BDSM is practiced in all social strata and is common in both heterosexual and homosexual men and women in varied occurrences and intensities. Its results showed 15% of homosexual and bisexual males, 21% of lesbian and female bisexual students, 11% of heterosexual males and 9% of female heterosexual students committed to BDSM related fantasies. In all groups the level of practical BDSM experiences were around 6%. Within the group of openly lesbian and bisexual females the quote was significantly higher, at 21%. Independent of their sexual orientation, about 12% of all questioned students, 16% of lesbians and female bisexuals and 8% of heterosexual males articulated an interest in spanking. Experience with this sexual behaviour was indicated by 30% of male heterosexuals, 33% of female bisexuals and lesbians, and 24% of the male gay and bisexual men and female heterosexual women. Even though this study was not considered representative, other surveys indicate similar dimensions in a differing target groups. A representative study done from 2001 to 2002 in Australia found that 1. Of the entire sample, 1. BDSM activity was significantly more likely among bisexuals and homosexuals of both sexes. But among men in general, there was no relationship effect of age, education, language spoken at home, or relationship status. Among women, in this study, activity was most common for those between 16 and 19 years of age and least likely for females over 50 years. Activity was also significantly more likely for women who had a regular partner they did not live with, but was not significantly related with speaking a language other than English or education. A 1976 study in the general US population suggests three percent have had positive experiences with Bondage or master-slave roleplaying. Overall 12% of the interviewed females and 18% of the males were willing to try it. A 1990 report stated that 5% to 10% of Americans occasionally engage in sexual activities related to BDSM. Some elements of BDSM have been popularized through increased media coverage since the middle 1990s. Thus both black leather clothing, sexual jewellery such as chains and dominance roleplay appear increasingly outside of BDSM contexts. According to yet another survey of 317,000 people in 41 countries, about 20% of the surveyed have at least used masks, blindfolds or other bondage utilities once, and 5% explicitly connected themselves with BDSM. In 2004, 19% mentioned spanking as one of their practices and 22% confirmed the use of blindfolds or handcuffs. A 1985 study found 52 out of 182 female respondents 28% were involved in sadomasochistic activities. Recent surveys A 2009 study on two separate samples of male undergraduate students in found that 62 to 65%, depending on the sample, had entertained sadistic fantasies, and 22 to 39% engaged in sadistic behaviors during sex. The figures were 62 and 52% for bondage fantasies, and 14 to 23% for bondage behaviors. The corresponding figures for the masochistic scenarios were 15% for male students and 17% for female students, a non-significant difference. In a 2011 study on 367 middle-aged and elderly men recruited from the broader community in , 21. The corresponding figures for self-reported masochism were 15. In a 2008 study on gay men in , 14. A 2017 cross-sectional representative survey among the general Belgian population demonstrated a substantial prevalence of BDSM fantasies and activities; 12. Lifetime BDSM behaviors among North American Medical students Straight men Gay men Bisexual men Straight women Gay women Bisexual women Has been restrained for pleasure 12% 20% 13% 19% 38% 55% Has restrained someone else for pleasure 17. DSM In the past, the DSM , the 's manual, defined some BDSM activities as sexual disorders. Following campaigns from advocacy organizations including the , the current version of the DSM, , excludes consensual BDSM from diagnosis when the sexual interests cause no harm or distress. ICD The 's ICD has made similar moves in recent years. In Europe, an organization called has worked to remove sadomasochism from the ICD. In 1995, Denmark became the first country to have completely removed sadomasochism from its national classification of diseases. This was followed by Sweden in 2009, Norway in 2010 and Finland 2011. Recent surveys on the spread of BDSM fantasies and practices show strong variations in the range of their results. Nonetheless, researchers assume that 5 to 25 percent of the population practices sexual behavior related to pain or dominance and submission. The population with related fantasies is believed to be even larger. The ICD is in the process of revision, and recent drafts have reflected these changes in social norms. As of July 2018 , the final advance preview of the has de-pathologised most things listed in ICD-10 section F65, characterizing as pathological only those activities which are either coercive, or involving significant risk of injury or death, or distressing to the individual committing them, and specifically excluding consensual sexual sadism and masochism from being regarded as pathological. The final advance text is to be officially presented to the members of the WHO in 2019, ready to come into effect in 2022. Coming out A cart drawn by a pony-girl, an example of at the , 2005. Zoom the photo to notice a being used as a. She is also wearing a to which are attached another ring of o and a. To her are attached put on pet animals' necks. Her mouth is covered with. All these symbols are indicative of her a BDSM pet. Some people who feel attracted by the situations usually compiled under the term BDSM reach a point where they decide to , though many sadomasochists keep themselves. Even so, depending upon a survey's participants, about 5 to 25 percent of the US population show affinity to the subject. Other than a few artists and writers, practically no celebrities are publicly known as sadomasochists. Public knowledge of one's BDSM lifestyle can have devastating vocational and social effects for sadomasochists. Many face severe professional consequences or if they are exposed, either voluntarily or involuntarily, as sadomasochists. Within feminist circles the discussion has been split roughly into two camps: some who see BDSM as an aspect or reflection of oppression for example, and, on the other side, pro-BDSM feminists, often grouped under the banner of see ; both of them can be traced back to the 1970s. Some feminists have criticized BDSM for eroticizing power and violence, and for reinforcing. They argue that women who engage in BDSM are making a choice that is ultimately bad for women. Feminist defenders of BDSM argue that consensual BDSM activities are enjoyed by many women and validate the sexual inclinations of these women. They also state that the main point of feminism is to give an individual woman free choices in her life; which includes her sexual desire. While some feminists suggest connections between consensual BDSM and non-consensual rape and , other sex-positive ones find the notion insulting to women. It is often mentioned that in BDSM, roles are not fixed to , but personal preferences. Finally, some people , taking either a dominant or submissive role on different occasions. Several studies investigating the possibility of correlation between BDSM pornography and the violence against women also indicate a lack of correlation. As an example, Japan is listed as the country with the lowest sexual crime rate out of all the industrialized nations, despite being known for its distinct BDSM and see. In 1991 a lateral survey came to the conclusion that between 1964 and 1984, despite the increase in amount and availability of sadomasochistic pornography in the US, Germany, Denmark and Sweden there is no correlation with the national number of rapes to be found. In 2003, the media coverage of showed that simply participating and working in BDSM support groups poses risks to one's job, even in countries where no law restricts it. Here a clear difference can be seen to the situation of homosexuality. Nevertheless, it leads to a difficult psychological situation in which the person concerned can be exposed to high levels of emotional stress. Some authors call this internal coming-out. Two separate surveys on this topic independently came to the conclusion that 58 percent and 67 percent of the sample respectively, had realized their disposition before their 19th birthday. Other surveys on this topic show comparable results. Independent of age, coming-out can potentially result in a difficult life crisis, sometimes leading to thoughts or acts of suicide. While homosexuals have created support networks in the last decades, sadomasochistic support networks are just starting to develop in most countries. In German speaking countries they are only moderately more developed. The Internet is the prime contact point for support groups today, allowing for local and international networking. In the US KAP a privately funded, non-profit service provides the community with referrals to psychotherapeutic, medical, and legal professionals who are knowledgeable about and sensitive to the BDSM, fetish, and leather community. In the US and the UK, the , NCSF and SFC have emerged to represent the interests of sadomasochists. The German is committed to the same aim of providing information and driving press relations. In 1996 the website and mailing list went online in German and English providing the largest , as well as one of the most extensive historical collections of sources related to BDSM. Social non-medical research Richters et al. They were, however, not any more likely to have been coerced, unhappy, anxious, or experiencing. On the contrary, men who had engaged in BDSM scored lower on a psychological distress scale than men who did not. There have been few studies on the psychological aspects of BDSM using modern scientific standards. Psychotherapist has said there is no evidence for the theory that BDSM has common symptoms or any common psychopathology, emphasizing that there is no evidence that BDSM practitioners have any special psychiatric other problems based on their sexual preferences. Problems do sometimes occur in the area of self classification by the person concerned. According to Moser, the discovery of BDSM preferences can result in fear of the current non-BDSM relationship's destruction. This, combined with the fear of discrimination in everyday life, leads in some cases to a double life which can be highly burdensome. Moser states that BDSM practitioners having problems finding BDSM partners would probably have problems in finding a non-BDSM partner as well. The wish to remove BDSM preferences is another possible reason for psychological problems since it is not possible in most cases. Finally, the scientist states that BDSM practitioners seldom commit violent crimes. From his point of view, crimes of BDSM practitioners usually have no connection with the BDSM components existing in their life. Moser's study comes to the conclusion that there is no scientific evidence, which could give reason to refuse members of this group work- or safety certificates, adoption possibilities, custody or other social rights or privileges. The Swiss psychoanalyst Fritz Morgenthaler shares a similar perspective in his book, Homosexuality, Heterosexuality, Perversion 1988. He states that possible problems result not necessarily from the non-normative behavior, but in most cases primarily from the real or feared reactions of the social environment towards their own preferences. In 1940 psychoanalyst reached implicitly the same conclusion in his standard work. Moser's results are further supported by a 2008 Australian study by Richters et al. The study found that BDSM practitioners were no more likely to have experienced sexual assault than the control group, and were not more likely to feel unhappy or anxious. The BDSM males reported higher levels of psychological well-being than the controls. Similarly, studies on sexual fantasy differences between men and women show the latter prefer submissive and passive fantasies over dominant and active ones, with rape and force being common. Gender differences in masochistic scripts A whipping scene where both dominant and submissives are female, Paris, 1930 One common belief of BDSM and kink is that women are more likely to take on masochistic roles than men. The lack of statistical significance in these gender differences suggests that no assumptions should be made regarding gender and masochistic roles in BDSM. One explanation why we might think otherwise lies in our social and cultural ideals about ; masochism may emphasize certain stereotypically feminine elements through activities like of men and ultra-feminine clothing for women. But such tendencies of the submissive masochistic role should not be interpreted as a connection between it and the stereotypical female role—many masochistic scripts do not include any of these tendencies. Baumeister found that masochistic males experienced greater: severity of pain, frequency of humiliation status-loss, degrading, oral , partner infidelity, active participation by other persons, and. Trends also suggested that male masochism included more bondage and oral sex than female though the data was not significant. Female masochists, on the other hand, experienced greater: frequency in pain, pain as punishment for 'misdeeds' in the relationship context, display humiliation, genital intercourse, and presence of non-participating audiences. The exclusiveness of dominant males in a heterosexual relationship happens because, historically, men in power preferred multiple partners. Finally, Baumeister observes a contrast between the 'intense sensation' focus of male masochism to a more 'meaning and emotion' centred female masochistic script. Prior argues that although some of these women may appear to be engaging in traditional subordinate or submissive roles, BDSM allows women in both dominant and submissive roles to express and experience personal power through their sexual identities. In turn, Prior was able to answer whether or not these women found an incongruity between their sexual identities and feminist identity. Her research found that these women saw little to no incongruity, and in fact felt that their feminist identity supported identities of submissive and slave. For them these are sexually and emotionally fulfilling roles and identities that, in some cases, feed other aspects of their lives. Prior contends that third wave feminism provides a space for women in BDSM communities to express their sexual identities fully, even when those identities seem counter-intuitive to the ideals of feminism. Furthermore, women who do identify as submissive, sexually or otherwise, find a space within BDSM where they can fully express themselves as integrated, well-balanced, and powerful women. The researchers found the majority of females identified as heterosexual and submissive, a substantial minority were versatile—able to switch between dominant and submissive roles—and a smaller minority identified with the dominant role exclusively. Orientation observances in research BDSM is not a sexual orientation or identity, but it is considered one by some of its practitioners. The BDSM and kink scene is more often seen as a diverse pansexual community. Often this is a non-judgmental community where gender, sexuality, orientation, preferences are accepted as is or worked at to become something a person can be happy with. In research, studies have focused on bisexuality and its parallels with BDSM, as well as gay-straight differences between practitioners. The gay men also had higher incomes than the general population, and tended to work in white collar jobs while straight men tended toward blue collar ones. Because there were not enough female respondents 22 , no conclusions could be drawn from them. Sexually speaking, the same 2006 study by Nordling et al. In contrast, straight men preferred verbal humiliation, mask and blindfolds, , outfits, , , and among other activities. From the questionnaire, researchers were able to identify four separate sexual themes: , giving and receiving pain, physical restriction i. Gay men preferred activities that tended towards hyper-masculinity while straight men showed greater preference for humiliation. As Nordling et al. The reasoning behind this is that 'coming-out' had become primarily the territory of the gay and lesbian, with bisexuals feeling the push to be one or the other and being right only half the time either way. What he found in 2001, was that people in BDSM were open to discussion about the topic of bisexuality and pansexuality and all controversies they bring to the table, but personal biases and issues stood in the way of actively using such labels. A decade later, Lenius 2011 looks back on his study and considers if anything has changed. He concluded that the standing of bisexuals in the BDSM and kink community was unchanged, and believed that positive shifts in attitude were moderated by society's changing views towards different sexualities and orientations. But Lenius 2011 does emphasize that the pansexual promoting BDSM community helped advance greater acceptance of alternative sexualities. Brandy Lin Simula 2012 , on the other hand, argues that BDSM actively resists gender conforming and identified three different types of BDSM bisexuality: , gender-based styles taking on a different gendered style depending on gender of partner when playing , and rejection of gender resisting the idea that gender matters in their play partners. Simula 2012 explains that practitioners of BDSM routinely challenge our concepts of sexuality by pushing the limits on pre-existing ideas of sexual orientation and gender norms. For some, BDSM and kink provides a platform in creating identities that are fluid, ever-changing. History of psychotherapy and current recommendations Psychiatry has an insensitive history in the area of BDSM. There have been many involvements by institutions of political power to marginalize subgroups and sexual minorities. Mental health professionals have a long history of holding negative assumptions and stereotypes about the BDSM community. Beginning with the -II, Sexual Sadism and Sexual Masochism have been listed as sexually deviant behaviours. Sadism and masochism were also found in the personality disorder section. This negative assumption has not changed significantly which is evident in the continued inclusion of Sexual Sadism and Sexual Masochism as in the. According to Kolmes et al. There has also been research which suggests BDSM can be a beneficial way for victims of sexual assault to deal with their trauma, most notably by Corie Hammers, but this work is limited in scope and to date, has not undergone empirical testing as a treatment. History of behavioral treatment This section possibly contains. Please by the claims made and adding. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. August 2016 Both terms were introduced to the medical field by German in his 1886 compilation of case studies Psychopathia Sexualis. However it has also been argued Deleuze, Coldness and Cruelty that the concurrence of sadism and masochism in Freud's model should not be taken for granted. Though this idea has come under a number of interpretations, in a primary masochism the masochist undergoes a complete, not just a partial, rejection by the model or courted object or sadist , possibly involving the model taking a rival as a preferred mate. This complete rejection is related to the death drive todestrieb in Freud's psychoanalysis. In a secondary masochism, by contrast, the masochist experiences a less serious, more feigned rejection and punishment by the model. Secondary masochism, in other words, is the relatively casual version, more akin to a charade, and most commentators are quick to point out its contrivedness. Both Krafft-Ebing and Freud assumed that sadism in men resulted from the distortion of the aggressive component of the male sexual instinct. Masochism in men, however, was seen as a more significant aberration, contrary to the nature of male sexuality. Freud doubted that masochism in men was ever a primary tendency, and speculated that it may exist only as a transformation of sadism. Sadomasochism in women received comparatively little discussion, as it was believed that it occurred primarily in men. Both also assumed that masochism was so inherent to female sexuality that it would be difficult to distinguish as a separate inclination. He also made the important point that sadomasochism is concerned only with pain in regard to sexual pleasure, and not in regard to cruelty, as Freud had suggested. In other words, the sadomasochist generally desires that the pain be inflicted or received in love, not in abuse, for the pleasure of either one or both participants. This mutual pleasure may even be essential for the satisfaction of those involved. This irony is highly evident in the observation by many, that not only are popularly practiced sadomasochistic activities usually performed at the express request of the masochist, but that it is often the designated masochist who may direct such activities, through subtle emotional cues perceived or mutually understood and consensually recognized by the designated sadist. Deleuze's counterargument is that the tendency toward masochism is based on intensified desire brought on or enhanced by the acting out of frustration at the delay of gratification. Taken to its extreme, an intolerably indefinite delay is 'rewarded' by punitive perpetual delay, manifested as unwavering coldness. The sadist attempts to destroy the in an effort to unify the and , in effect gratifying the most base desires the sadist can express while ignoring or completely suppressing the will of the ego, or of the conscience. Thus, Deleuze attempts to argue that masochism and sadism arise from such different impulses that the combination of the two terms is meaningless and misleading. A masochist's perception of their own self-subjugating sadistic desires and capacities are treated by Deleuze as reactions to prior experience of sadistic objectification. The epilogue of Venus In Furs shows the character of Severin has become embittered by his experiment in the alleged control of masochism, and advocates instead the domination of women. Conversely, Sartre held sadism to be the effort to annihilate the subjectivity of the victim. That means that the sadist is exhilarated by the emotional distress of the victim because they seek a subjectivity that views the victim as both subject and object. In this view of sado-masochism, the violence of the practices are an expression of a peripheral rivalry that has developed around the actual love-object. There is clearly a similarity to Deleuze, since both in the violence surrounding the memory of mimetic crisis and its avoidance, and in the resistance to affection that is focused on by Deleuze, there is an understanding of the value of the love object in terms of the processes of its valuation, acquisition and the test it imposes on the suitor. Therapists may feel intense disgust and aversive reactions. Feelings of countertransference can interfere with therapy. Another common problem is when clients conceal their sexual preferences from their therapists. This can compromise any therapy. To avoid non-disclosure, therapists are encouraged to communicate their openness in indirect ways with literatures and artworks in the waiting room. Therapists can also deliberately bring up BDSM topics during the course of therapy. Individuals just coming out might have internalized shame, fear, and self-hatred about their sexual preferences. Therapists need to provide acceptance, care, and model positive attitude; providing reassurance, , and for these clients is crucial. The average age when BDSM individuals realize their sexual preference is around 26 years. Many people hide their sexuality until they can no longer contain their desires. However, they may have married or had children by this point. Therefore, therapists need to facilitate couple's counselling and disclosure. It is important for therapists to consider fairness to partner and family of clients. Therapists need to help clients resolve distress and deal with any underlying problems that led to the initial bleed-through. Practices of BDSM survive from some of the oldest textual records in the world, associated with rituals to the Goddess in. Here ritual flagellation called diamastigosis took place, in which young adolescent men were whipped in a ceremony overseen by the priestess. These are referred to by a number of ancient authors, including III, 16: 10-11. One of the oldest graphical proofs of sadomasochistic activities is found in the near , which dates to the fifth century BC. Inside the tomb there is which portrays two men who flagellate a woman with a cane and a hand during an erotic situation. Another reference related to flagellation is to be found in the sixth book of the Satires of the ancient Roman Poet 1st—2nd century A. Anecdotal narratives related to humans who have had themselves voluntary bound, flagellated or whipped as a substitute for sex or as part of foreplay reach back to the third and fourth century. The whip-mistress role drove the sacred initiation of ceremonial death and rebirth. The archaic Greek may too once have been armed with an implement, with archaeological evidence of armed Aphrodite known from a number of locations in Cythera, Acrocorinth and Sparta, and which may have been a whip. The collection of historic texts related to sensuous experiences explicitly emphasizes that , biting and pinching during sexual activities should only be performed consensually since only some women consider such behavior to be joyful. From this perspective the Kama Sutra can be considered as one of the first written resources dealing with sadomasochistic activities and safety rules. Further texts with sadomasochistic connotation appear worldwide during the following centuries on a regular basis. There are anecdotal reports of people willingly being bound or whipped, as a prelude to or substitute for sex, during the 14th century. The medieval phenomenon of in all of its slavish devotion and ambivalence has been suggested by some writers to be a precursor of BDSM. A large number of flagellation publications followed, including c. Her other foot rests over the man's head, using it as a. Other sources give a broader definition, citing BDSM-like behavior in earlier times and other cultures, such as the medieval flagellates and the physical of some societies. BDSM ideas and imagery have existed on the fringes of Western culture throughout the twentieth century. Another source are the played in , which go back into the 19th century if not earlier. Stanton's model became at the same time one of the first successful models in the area of fetish photography and one of the most famous of American mainstream culture. Italian author and designer was deeply influenced by him, coining the style and development of European adult comics in the second half of the twentieth century. The artists and are the most prominent examples of the increasing use of BDSM-related motives in modern photography and the public discussions still resulting from this. Leather movement Start of the Leather contingent at the 2004 San Francisco. Leather has been a predominantly gay male term to refer to one , but it can stand for many more. Members of the gay male leather community may wear leathers such as Motorcycle leathers, or may be attracted to men wearing leather. Leather and BDSM are seen as two parts of one whole. Much of the BDSM culture can be traced back to the gay male , which formalized itself out of the group of men who were soldiers returning home after World War II 1939—1945. WWII was the setting where countless homosexual men and women tasted the life among homosexual peers. Post-war, homosexual individuals congregated in larger cities such as New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. They formed leather clubs and bike clubs, some were fraternal services. The establishment of Mr. Leather Contest and Mr. Drummer Contest were made around this time. This was the genesis of the gay male leather community. Many of the members were attracted to extreme forms of sexuality, for which peak expression was in the pre-AIDS 1970s. This subculture is epitomized by the Leatherman's Handbook by , published in 1972, which describes in detail the practices and culture of gay male sadomasochists in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the early 1980s, lesbians also joined the leathermen as a recognizable element of the gay leather community. In 1981, the publication of by lesbian-feminist group led to a greater knowledge and acceptance of BDSM in the lesbian community. By the 1990s, the gay men's and women's leather communities were no longer underground and played an important role in the kink community. Today the Leather Movement is generally seen as a part of the BDSM-culture instead of as a development deriving from gay subculture, even if a huge part of the BDSM-subculture was gay in the past. In the 1990s the so-called leather subculture evolved. This new orientation started to integrate psychological aspects into their play. Internet In the late-eighties, the Internet provided a way of finding people with specialized interests around the world as well as on a local level, and communicating with them anonymously. This brought about an explosion of interest and knowledge of BDSM, particularly on the group. When that group became too cluttered with , the focus moved to. It operates similarly to other social media sites, with the ability to make friends with other users, events, and pages of shared interests. Once a very , there are now very few sex toy companies that do not offer some sort of BDSM or gear in their catalog. The former niche expanded to an important pillar of the business with adult accessories. Today practically all suppliers of sex toys do offer items which originally found usage in the BDSM subculture. Padded handcuffs, latex and leather garments, as well as more exotic items like soft whips for fondling and TENS for erotic electro stimulation can be found in catalogs aiming on classical vanilla target groups, indicating that former boundaries increasingly seem to shift. During the last years the Internet also provides a central platform for networking among individuals who are interested in the subject. Besides countless private and commercial choices there is an increasing number of local networks and support groups emerging. These groups often offer comprehensive background and health related information for people who have been unwillingly outed as well as contact lists with information on , physicians and lawyers who are familiar with BDSM related topics. University clubs Increasingly, American universities are witnessing BDSM and education by providing , such as and. University BDSM clubs are also found in the UK, Canada, Belgium, and. Some American universities—such as and —have professors who research and take classes on BDSM. Consensual giving or receiving of pain is legal in Austria. Photo shows at , Austria, 2009. Section 90 of the criminal code declares bodily injury §§ 83-84 or the endangerment of physical security § 89 to not be subject to penalty in cases in which the victim has consented and the injury or endangerment does not offend moral sensibilities. In cases of threats to bodily well being the standard depends on the probability that an injury will actually occur. If serious injury or even death would be a likely result of a threat being carried out, then even the threat itself is considered punishable. In 2011, the ruled in that a person must have an active mind during the specific sexual activity in order to legally consent. The Court ruled that it is a criminal offence to perform a sexual act on an unconscious person—whether or not that person consented in advance. Germany may occur in BDSM, but it is not essential part of BDSM. Photo shows of sexual nature being performed at music festival, Germany, 2014. The submissive woman is , , and a doing of a forces himself on her. According to § 194 the charge of insult slander can only be prosecuted if the defamed person chooses to press charges. False imprisonment can be charged if the victim—when applying an objective view—can be considered to be impaired in his or her rights of free movement. According to § 228 of the German criminal code a person inflicting a bodily injury on another person with that person's permission violates the law only in cases where the act can be considered to have violated good morals in spite of permission having been given. On 26 May 2004 the Criminal Panel No. Following cases in which sado-masochistic practices had been repeatedly used as pressure tactics against former partners in custody cases, the Appeals Court of ruled in February 2006 that sexual inclinations toward sado-masochism are no indication of a lack of capabilities for successful child-raising. Italy In Italian law BDSM is right on the border between crime and legality, and everything lies in the interpretation of the legal code by the judge. Also any injury requiring over 20 days of medical care must be denounced by the professional medic who discovers it, leading to automatic indictment of the person who caused it. Nordic countries In September 2010 a Swedish court acquitted a 32-year-old man of assault for engaging in consensual BDSM play with a 16-year-old woman the in Sweden is 15. Norway's legal system has likewise taken a similar position, that safe and consensual BDSM play should not be subject to criminal prosecution. This parallels the stance of the mental health professions in the Nordic countries which have removed sadomasochism from their respective lists of psychiatric illnesses. Switzerland The age of consent in Switzerland is 16 years which also applies for BDSM play. Certain practices however require granting consent for light injuries with only those over 18 permitted to give consent. This law amounts to a general criminalization of sado-masochism since nearly every sado-masochist will have some kind of media which fulfills this criterion. Critics also object to the wording of the law which puts sado-masochists in the same category as and. United Kingdom In British law, consent is an absolute defence to common assault, but not necessarily to actual bodily harm, where courts may decide that consent is not valid, as occurred in the case of. The decision contrasts with the later case of R v Wilson in which conviction for non-sexual consensual branding within a marriage was overturned, the appeal court ruling that R v Brown was not an authority in all cases of consensual injury and criticizing the decision to prosecute. Following the ruled in January 1999 in that no violation of occurred because the amount of physical or psychological harm that the law allows between any two people, even consenting adults, is to be determined by the the individuals live in, as it is the State's responsibility to balance the concerns of and well-being with the amount of control a State should be allowed to exercise over its citizens. Another contrasting case was that of Stephen Lock in 2013, who was cleared of actual bodily harm on the grounds that the woman consented. In this case, the act was deemed to be sexual. United States Sex and torture acts done at public BDSM events like , USA, have been accused of being against the law, even when the events are promoted by the local administration and police, and all acts are done with consent. Left: Demonstration of on a man at the Folsom Street Fair. Right: Use of and on a woman at the Fair. The United States Federal law does not list a specific criminal determination for consensual BDSM acts. Many BDSM practitioners cite the legal decision of , 95 N. However, many individual states do criminalize specific BDSM actions within their state borders. It would have added the following text to the : All governments in Oregon may not use their monies or properties to promote, encourage or facilitate , , or masochism. All levels of government, including systems, must assist in setting a standard for Oregon's youth which recognizes that these behaviors are abnormal, wrong, unnatural and perverse and they are to be discouraged and avoided. It was defeated in 3 November 1992 with 638,527 votes in favor, 828,290 votes against. The collects reports about punishment for sexual activities engaged in by , and about its use in cases. Today the BDSM culture exists in most western countries. This offers BDSM practitioners the opportunity to discuss BDSM relevant topics and problems with like-minded people. Many people hide their leaning from society since they are afraid of the incomprehension and of social exclusion. It is commonly known in the BDSM culture that there are practitioners living on all continents, but there is no documented evidence for many countries due to restrictive laws and censorship motivated by politics or religion except their presence in online BDSM communities and dating sites. Rather, sadism and masochism may be practiced through choice and deliberation, driven by certain aesthetic goals tied to style, pleasure, and identity. These practices, in certain circumstances and contexts, can be compared with the creation of art. Symbols -type BDSM emblem. One of the most commonly used symbols of the BDSM community is a derivation of a shape within a circle. Various forms of triskele have had many uses and many meanings in many cultures; its BDSM usage derives from the Ring of O in the classic book. The BDSM Emblem Project claims copyright over one particular specified form of the triskelion symbol; other variants of the triskelion are free from such copyright claims. The is a symbol for the and also widely used within BDSM. In continental Europe, the is widespread among BDSM practitioners. They are three separate items, that are normally associated together. The BDSM rights flag, shown to the right, is intended to represent the belief that people whose sexuality or relationship preferences include BDSM practises deserve the same human rights as everyone else, and should not be discriminated against for pursuing BDSM with consenting adults. The flag is inspired by the leather pride flag and BDSM emblem, but is specifically intended to represent the concept of BDSM rights and to be without the other symbols' restrictions against commercial use. BDSM and have been spread widely in western societies' everyday life by different factors, such as fashion, , , and science fiction TV series, and are often not consciously connected with their BDSM roots by many people. While it was mainly confined to the and BDSM subcultures in the 1990s, it has since spread into wider parts of western societies. The video was banned in Romania for its explicit content. With the release of the 1986 film , the topic of BDSM was transferred to mainstream cinema. From the 1990s, cinematic representation of alternative sexualities, including BDSM, increased dramatically, as seen in documentary productions such as a 2009 film based on the website , a 2013 film based on the website , and movies such as 2015 and its sequels. Theatre Although it would be possible to establish certain elements related to BDSM in classical theater, not until the emergence of contemporary theatre would some plays have BDSM as the main theme. Exemplifying this are two works: one Austrian, one German, in which BDSM is not only incorporated, but integral to the storyline of the play. Peter Kern directed and wrote the script for this comedy which is a present-day adaption of 's 1950 film,. It is about a marriage in which the wife film veteran Miriam Goldschmidt submits her husband Heinrich Herkie and the butler Günter Bubbnik to her sadistic treatment, until two new characters take their places. This play by Anna Schwemmer premiered in Berlin. A young Hilde becomes pregnant, and after being abandoned by her boyfriend she decides to become a professional dominatrix to earn money. The play carefully crafts a playful and frivolous picture of the field of professional dominatrices. Literature See also: Although examples of literature catering to BDSM and fetishistic tastes were created in earlier periods, BDSM literature as it exists today cannot be found much earlier than. The word Sadism originates from the works of , and the word Masochism originates from , the author of. However, it is worth noting that the Marquis de Sade describes unconsented abuse in his works, such as in. Venus in Furs describes a consented domme-sub relationship. A central work in modern BDSM literature is undoubtedly the 1954 by under the pseudonym. Other notable works include 1978 by , some works of the writer , and her series of books , 1956 dedicated to. Works from the series by , and naturally all the works of , , the group and many of the writer Histoire de l'oeil-Story of the Eye, Madame Edwarda, 1937 , as well as : Slave Sonnets 1986 , Fuck Journal 1987 , A Taste of Honey 1990. A common part of many of the poems of is a reflection on feelings and sensations arising from the relations of EPE or erotic exchange of power. The trilogy is a series of very popular erotic romance novels by which involve BDSM; however the novels have been criticized for their inaccurate and harmful depiction of BDSM. In the 21st century, a number of prestigious university press, such as of , and , have published books on BDSM written by professors, thereby lending academic legitimacy to this once taboo topic. Also , whose most controversial work is that of the underground BDSM scene in the late 1960s and early 1970s of New York. The homoeroticism of this work fuelled a national debate over the public funding of controversial artwork. The 2011-ongoing books by have become very popular and are found in many conventional bookstores around the world. Oxford English Dictionary Online draft ed. Retrieved 29 November 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2014. Screw the Roses, Send Me the Thorns: The Romance and Sexual Sorcery of Sadomasochism. Retrieved 10 December 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2006. Hardy: The New Topping Book. SM 101: A Realistic Introduction. Hardy: The New Topping Book. Anleitung zum erotischen Fesseln. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. Jay Wiseman's Erotic Bondage Handbook. Daedalus Publishing Company, 1996,. Retrieved 26 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014. It is the standard abbreviation for the. Anatomy of a Scientific Discovery. In Williams DA, Lemke TL. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry 5th ed. Archives of Sexual Behavior. Granzig: Screw the Roses, Send Me the Thorns: The Romance and Sexual Sorcery of Sadomasochism, pp. Hardy: The New Topping Book. Archived from on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2018. Archived from on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2018. Archived from on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2010. Archived from on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2018. Hardy: The New Topping Book. Retrieved 11 December 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2017. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. Archived from PDF on 20 October 2016. Journal of GLBT Family Studies. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. European Journal of Criminology. On the Prevalence and Roles of Females in the Sadomasochistic Subculture: Report of an Empirical Study. Retrieved on 9 November 2008. Levitt: An Exploratory-Descriptive Study of a Sadomasochistically Oriented Sample, in Journal of Sex Research, Vol. On the prevalence and roles of females in the sadomasochistic subculture: Report Of an empirical study. The American Academy of Clinical Sexologists. Archived from PDF on 24 July 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2008. Archives of Sexual Behavior. The New York Times. Retrieved 13 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. Retrieved 9 November 2008. Datenschlag survey in German. Retrieved 28 November 2016. Archived from on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2014. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior. Sexual and Relationship Therapy. Journal of Sex Research. Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality. Retrieved 4 March 2015. Archives of Sexual Behavior. Working at play: BDSM sexuality in the San Francisco Bay area. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Archived from on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016. Cologne 1974, Page 90, figs. See Pausanias III, 23:1, II, 5:1, III, 15:10. Retrieved 6 October 2014. Psychopathia sexualis with especial reference to the antipathic sexual instinct: A medico-forensic study. Trans Rebman FJ from 12th German ed. Archived from on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2017. Legislation Online in German. Retrieved 25 May 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2011. Text of ruling online at:. Archived from on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2017. Archived from on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016. Archived from on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016. Sadomasochism and Popular Western Culture. Amherst, NY: NY Prometheus Books. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 27 June 2015. Archives of Sexual Behavior. Retrieved 12 January 2011. Different Loving: An Exploration of the World of Sexual Dominance and Submission Villard Books, New York, 1993. Come Hither: A Commonsense Guide to Kinky Sex, Fireside, 2000. New York, Masquerade Books, 1993. San Francisco: The Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Consensual Sadomasochism: How to Talk About It and How to Do It Safely, , 1996. This Curious Human Phenomenon: An Exploration of Some Uncommonly Explored Aspects of BDSM. The Nazca Plains Corporation, 2008. A Defence of Masochism, Faber and Faber, New edition 1999. Playing on the Edge: Sadomasochism, Risk and Intimacy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Leatherman's Handbook First edition 1972 This was the first book to publicize BDSM to the general public—it was a paperback book widely available on newsstands and at bookstores throughout the United States. SM 101: A Realistic Introduction 1st ed.


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In 1996 the website and mailing list went online in German and English providing the largestas well as one of the most north historical collections of sources related to BDSM. A professional submissive consents to her client's dominant behavior within negotiated limits, and often works within a professional. Using crops, whips, orthe top's fine motor skills and anatomical knowledge can make the difference between a satisfying session for the bottom and a con unpleasant experience that may even entail severe physical harm. The Court ruled that it is a criminal offence to perform a sexual act on an unconscious person—whether or not that person consented in bsdm sex. Retrieved 5 December 2016. Photo shows atAustria, 2009. However, many sol states do criminalize specific BDSM actions within bsdm sex state borders. Because there were not enough female respondents 22no conclusions could be drawn from them. Because there were not bsdm sex female respondents 22no conclusions could be drawn from them. Lifetime BDSM behaviors among North Civil Medical students Straight men Gay men Bisexual men Straight women Gay women Bisexual women Has been restrained for pleasure 12% 20% 13% 19% 38% 55% Has restrained someone else for pleasure 17.

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